How chromosomes change their shape during cell differentiation

Phys.org | October 09, 2019

The human genome is made up of 46 chromosomes, each of which has a length of about 100 to 200 million base pairs, the building blocks of the DNA double helix. Even during interphase, the period in between the cell division phases, chromosomes are still tightly packed inside the cell nucleus. On each chromosome, a regular structural unit called the nucleosome corresponds to a 146-base-pair-long strand of DNA wrapped around eight histone protein molecules. Until recently, no other regular structures beyond the nucleosomes were known. Thanks to the emerging genomics-based technology Hi-C (high-throughput chromosome conformation capture), researchers now know that there are regular structural units at the megabase scale, referring to millions of base pairs. It is now generally accepted that mammalian chromosomes are composed of megabase-sized globular units called topologically associating domains (TADs), which are separated by boundaries, presumably in a beads-on-a-string manner. Further, multiple TADs assemble to form what are called A and B subnuclear compartments. TADs containing many active genes form A compartments, while TADs with few or no active genes form B compartments.

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Globenewswire | May 02, 2023

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